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Projects >> Kū‘ula>> Curricula >> K-6 | 7-9 | 10-12 >> Grades
10-12 Curriculm: Water Quality Abstract Dissolved Oxygen is very important to water quality. Dissolved Oxygen deals with the amount of oxygen in the water. If there is no oxygen the fish cannot breath. One of the signs of low dissolved oxygen in a fishpond is when the fish stay by the mākāhā(gate) and try to breath the new air coming in. Another sign of low dissolved oxygen is when the fish will swim to the top and try and breath the outside oxygen. And another sign of low dissolved oxygen is when your fish start to die. Low dissolved oxygen occurs doing hot days, and no circulation water. Oxygen enters the water through photosynthesis of aquatic biota and constant water flow. Water that flows a lot has good dissolved oxygen, and water that doesn't flow a lot has low dissolved oxygen. This report is on water quality on two ponds at Haleolono. I tested the waters to see if fish could live in these ponds. This report will show the changes that these two ponds went through within 3-4 months and if fish can be raised in these ponds. In conclusion I hope that someone can use this information in the future to probably grow fish or use my format for other water quality projects. Water quality Dissolved oxygen: Dissolved oxygen refers to the volume of oxygen that is contained in water. Oxygen enters the water through photosynthesis of aquatic plant life and by the movement of water. The amount of oxygen that enters the water depends on the Temperature, Salinity and Pressure. Freshwater holds more oxygen then saltwater, and cold water holds more then hot water. Flowing water is most likely to have high dissolved oxygen, then non-flowing water because of water movement in the air-water interface. In flowing water, water at the surface is always being replaced
by water with oxygen as a result of turbulence, when this occurs
there is more chance for oxygen to be exchanged across the air-water
interface. Low dissolved oxygen is the most important thing in a fish aqua farm. If dissolved oxygen is at a low level you can open up a waterway for more circulation. You can put a paddle or something in the middle of the pond that can cause turbulence that will create bubbles with contains oxygen. Salinity: Salinity is the amount of dissolved water, generally expressed in parts per thousand (ppt). Salinity is the total dissolved solids in water consist of inorganic salts and dissolved materials. Or how salty the water is. If salinity is at a high level that means that there is not enough freshwater in the pond you can open a waterway for more circulation in the water or find a spring and open it up, to allow freshwater in. pH: pH is the quantity ions in water will determine if it's acidic or basic. The scale for measuring the degree of acidity is called the pH scale, which ranges from 1-14, 7 is considered neutral neither acidic or basic. Values below 7 is acidic and above 7 is basic. The acceptable range for fish to live is normally between pH 6.5-9.0. If pH levels are at a low then that means there is too much acid in your pond, so you need to open circulation and clean out your pond. Temperature: Is the amount of energy in water. Oxygen temperature is important in fish culture. Fish are cold-blooded organisms and assume approximately the same temperature as their surroundings. The temperature affects the feeding, growth behavior, activity and reproduction of the fish. Fish are generally categorized into warm water, kilter, and Goldwater. Goldwater is 55-65 degrees, kilter is 65-75 degrees, and warm water is 75-90 degrees. Temperature also determines the amount of dissolved gasses in the water. The cooler the water the easier the gasses can enter the water. Dissolved oxygen in ponds and streams: The different between dissolved oxygen in ponds and streams is that a stream in constantly flowing causing circulation and turbulence which creates oxygen. And in streams at the waterfall there is a lot of turbulence caused by the falling of the water from the top, and rain fall which falls on to the water making pebbles that capture the oxygen and takes it in to the water. In a pond there is small turbulence from raves and circulation from waterways. But there is more oxygen in streams. This means that ponds next to streams is most likely to have more oxygen. Conditions of ‘Oloanu, Haleolono and Waiuli. ‘Oloanu:
‘Oloanu is a pond in Keaukaha with a waterway at one end in which water constantly flows in and out, and the other end is connected to the ocean, but it is overgrown by grass and the passage to the ocean is full of rocks. I took my sample from the front of the pond next to the waterway. ‘Oloanu has freshwater springs to help give it some oxygen. The salinity is a little high, that is because there is a big opening connecting the pond to the ocean. The temperature is good for kilter fish like ‘Āholehole. The pond is good but it needs to be cleaned out. Waiuli:
Waiuli has a big fishpond that has a waterway connected to the ocean but it has a lot of freshwater springs giving it freshwater and oxygen. The temperature is good for kilter fish. The pH is good but some cleansing in the pond would help more. The dissolved oxygen in this pond is good and the salinity is low because the waterway to the ocean is small and there is a lot of springs and there is a lot of seaweed and aquatic iota in the pond. The pond is big and there is only circulation at the front by the waterway, and I took my sample by the front of the pond. Haleolono front pond:
The front pond at Haleolono is connected to the ocean and goes on to connect to smaller ponds in the back by waterways. The temperature is sufficient for cool water fish. The dissolved oxygen and salinity is a little high and that is because where the pond connects to the ocean is big. The front pond is good but a little cleaning would be good. The salinity is also a little high because there hasn't been any rain or circulation lately in the water. Haleolono back pond:
The back pond at haleolono is a little pond connected to another pond, which is connected to the front pond, which is connected to the ocean. All of these ponds are connected by waterways. The back pond is a little muddy but it has freshwater springs feeding it freshwater. The temperature is sufficient for kilter fish. The pH is good but a little cleaning would be good. The dissolved oxygen is o.k. but a little more turbulence and circulation would be good. the salinity is low because it is far from the ocean and is mostly fed by freshwater springs. Summary: Water quality is very important in fish culture. You need to watch your water quality or your fish will die. Low oxygen is the number one reason why fish die. Everything in water quality is connected so you need to watch everything. Fish perform all their bodily functions in the water. Because fish depend on water to breath, feed, reproduce and grow you need to understand and watch it. Water determines the success or failure of an aquiculture farm. The most important thing in my opinion for a successful aqua farm is sufficient circulation through the pond and sufficient turbulence to create enough oxygen for the fish to live. For this to be possible you can clean out your pond make waterways, create your own turbulence, find a spring and dig it up and you could try and grow some aquatic iota. Interview (notes) • Do you test your waters? • No, we had a guy come in to test are nutrients. We test are salinity, and are temperature. Your salinity, and temperature should change at high tide and low tide, because of the salt (warm) that comes in and out. • Our ponds were full of algae, not like your ponds. Because your ponds have a constant water flow. Its also good, that you guys cleared out the trees, so that the sunlight can come in to have natural productivity. • What are some problems that you had? • People constantly stealing the fish from are ponds, so we put up signs. • Algae growing in the pond and making it stagnant. • How did you learn about raising fish? • We had to read books, and talk to neighbors, and what ever we couldn't find we had to put together ourselves. • Before everyone would only be talking about fishponds it's so lovely that a lot of people are in to it now! • When you are around a fishpond you must have respect! Don't use bad language, no spitting and be nice.
Interview Interview: Mrs. Harata
What do you raise in your ponds? We raise our Puas in the cage then we let them out when they are fingerlings, then when they are mullets we let them in to the bigger pond. Do you test your water regularly? No, we used to, but we don't have to anymore. Because our water is constantly flowing at high tide and low tide, and the pond is fed by all the springs and the salinity is 1 ppt(parts per thousand). Our water is almost fresh. The temperature is on average of 49-51. Is there a down side to having almost fresh water? No, not really, the only bad thing is you can't raise certain kinds of fish. How did you learn to raise fish? We read books. When we first started it was through books but not it's through experience. Why do you put the Puas in the cage? We put the Puas in the cage to keep them away from the predators. And to prevent them from leaving the pond. When you raise Pua you need to keep your cage clean, and make sure that the water is constantly flowing through the cage, if the cage gets full of limu then there will be no oxygen for the fish. And you have to feed them a lot. What do you feed your Pua? We buy trout food and we crush them for the pua, and we also put some limu in the cage. When you raise Pua you need to feed them a lot. If you do not have the trout food it's O.K. to just feed them the limu. We feed them the crushed food because it is high in protein. Critique By: ‘Ainaaloha Ioane Summary: Dissolved Oxygen and Temperature is probably two of the most important compounds in water quality. This article is about the observation of dissolved oxygen in Lake Bloomington using an 18- month record of weekly observation. The lake is an in-closed man-made impoundment. The lake is used for fishing, swimming and boating. They took water samples at .61 meters below the water surface. They checked the Dissolved Oxygen and the Temperature using a Galvanic Cell Analyzer equipped with a thermostat. They found out that the summer time is the time when dissolved oxygen is at its lowest level. This occurs during late June to middle of September. When the water is mucky and there is little circulation in the pond. During the winter time that occurs during late January to early March is when the Lakes dissolve oxygen is at a high level due to less bacterial activity. During the wintertime the upper layers of the Lake have a higher oxygen level then the deeper end. This research paper shows accurate data. It is written very clearly and scientifically, I cannot understand some of the words and sentences but the paper has good and useful information that could be used in my paper. This paper is a lot like the one I will be writing. The information and the way that they took their water samples weekly is a very good way to find out the dissolved oxygen of the pond. The format of this paper is useful for future papers. The research was well done and the conclusion came out good. There is nothing in this paper that needs to be changed but some of the scientific names of things, but other then that it was a good paper full of useful information and useful formats. This critique article is about the observation of dissolved oxygen and temperature in Lake Bloomington using an 18-month record of weekly observation. The group took water samples at .61 meters below the water surface using a Galvanic Cell Analyzer equipped with a thermostat. They found that the summer time is when the dissolved oxygen is at its lowest level. And during the winter is when the dissolved oxygen is at its highest. Critique Tides and currents This chapter of Tides And Currents is about a fishpond named Lokoea. In this chapter they talk about, what a mākāhā is and the different ways that they use it. And what ponds there is and what kind of water it is, where the water is coming from, they test each site and write down the results. What they think it was used for if it had any meaning, and what it needs help on. I like the way they explain everything. It was in words that I could read and understand and it was short and they got to the point fast. I like the way they explain everything from what is good on the pond to what is bad, or needs help on. I like the way they explained the water quality. There wasn't a lot of scientific words, there were a little but they explained it so that I could understand, and they put down why. I like the format of the paper, they put everything in order, when they explained about each pond starting from the back ponds where it's more fresh to the front ponds where it is more salty. I like the fact that I read this paper and actually learned something useful and interesting. I didn't disagree with much of anything. It was good and short for a chapter, but I think they could have gotten a little more in to detail, in describing things, and in describing the maps. There is a lot of useful things in this chapter. The pond structure is a little like Haleolono where water comes in from the ocean in the front ponds, and the back ponds have fresh water springs. And how they all connect. The way they wrote this chapter is interesting. I will look at this format more and a couple of others and figure out how to make my finishing paper. The way they explained why the water in the ponds in the back is more fresh water and why the ponds in the front are saltier is useful to me when I write my paper. Because Haleolono is the same way. I can easily follow this format to do my paper. This is useful to my project because I can easily use the format, and it states a lot of water quality issues and why the water is like that. What changes there is need to help the water quality of the pond. Like if the mākāhā is down a lot of water and fish will get out of the pond. And on days of high surf the water Gould get salty. The chapter explained that I need to research on how much dissolved oxygen I need for fishes to live, I need to research the best water for fish to live in. I need to figure out how to fix things, like if there is too much salt, what am I going to do? Format Size: 1/4 acre Source of water: springs bubble up on the mauka side of this pond. Depth: 1 to 3 feet Siltation: This pond is heavily silted on the mauka side near the spring. Water quality: there is ample flow of water through the pond. The pond is full of nutrients; it has good natural productivity of food for fish to eat. Salinity: This pond consist of fresh water, measuring from 0 to 3 parts per 1,000. Drainage: The ponds drain through two mākāhās. All gates are screened. Special characteristics: the spring is visible. The water is cool, clear and low in salinity. It is good for growing Chinese cabbage. Harvest difficulties: There are many holes and caves the fish can hide in. Big rocks on the bottom make it hard to see. Water management features: The enriched waters from this pond can cause a build-up of nutrients, and the pond can get clogged with blue-green algae. Draining it from the gates every morning and evening prevents this problem. Additional information: The pond is shallow and needs to be dredged up for optimal habitat and to enhance the flow from the spring. All four gates of the two mākāhās need repairs. The makai rock wall is in need of structural repair. This critique is about how the Lokoea fishpond is ruined. In this article they talk about what a mākāhā is and the different ways to use it. Where the water supply for each pond comes from and what they think the pond was used for before in they olden days. And what parts of the pond needs help. Procedure We picked two sites at the pond to take water samples from once a week. the first site is at the front of the pond, which is connected to the ocean, and the second site is in the back, which is fed by fresh water springs. You must always rinse your bottle out before grabbing the water sample. I would grab the sample midway from the bottom of the pond, which was about 2 feet. The reason I would grab the sample midway is because there is too much debris on the top and bottom of the pond from wind and currents. When grabbing sample don't open the cap till you get to where you want to get your water sample, the reason for this is because you want only the water of that level, not above or below it. And make sure not to disturb the water too much. I tested the Ammonia, Nitrite and Nitrate with a Lamotte Smart Colorimeter. With the Dissolved Oxygen the analysis had to be performed immediately after sampling, because if it sits for too long the dissolved oxygen can be gained or lost. The method I used was Titration solution. The titration went from blue to colorless. Measurements were at ppm (parts per million). Carbon dioxide was titration using 1% Phenolphthalein indicator, titration went from colorless to pink, and measurements were at ppm. Ph levels were sampled using Oakton Water Proof Ph test. The Ph was measured using an electrode. Temperature was taken using an electronic thermometer. Salinity was taken using a Vista model A366ATC befractometer. Temperature was measured in degrees Celsius, and salinity at ppt (parts per thousand). The temperature, salinity and Ph were also taken immediately after sampling, the reason being Temperature is directly related proportional to salinity and Ph. Every day after sampling I would write what the environment around the pond was like. And if there was any work at all done around the ponds. Because the work that was done could affect the results of the water samples. Front Pond
Back Pond
What Data means: Front Pond: Carbon dioxide and Dissolved oxygen levels are same except for 1/24. Nitrite, Nitrate and Ammonia levels are low in the front pond, which is good for fish. Temperature is constant between 69-73. Salinity levels range from 6-10 ppt (parts per thousand). Ph levels range from 7.5 to 7.9, which is a neutral level. Neutral levels are good for fish. Back Pond: Carbon dioxide is higher than the dissolved oxygen in this pond, which may cause a threat to the fish. Nitrite, Nitrate and Ammonia are low in this pond, which is good for the fish. Temperature levels range from 68-73, which is constant. Salinity ranges from 4-8 ppt. Ph levels range from 7.5-7.8 that is neutral, neutral is good for fish. Conditions 12/20/00: Cloudy day, No work done. Calm water little current, no waves outside, a lot of bugs. Fish in both ponds. 1/2/01: Sunny, no wind, no rain. No work done. Small movement in water it hasn't rained in a long time. 1/24/01: Sunny, no wind. No rain. no work done. Little movement in water. Fishes swimming though. 1/31/01: Sunny, low tide, low circulation. Work was done on the ponds. They cut down a lot of trees. The water is muddy and full of leaves. Can't see the fish. 2/7/01: Very sunny, little wind. There was fishes in the pond. The leaves from the trees are still in the water. Little circulation. 2/14/01: It is very sunny, cloudy. The waves outside are bigger then normal but choppy. There is little movement in the ponds, but more than last week. There was fish in the back pond. The branches are still in the water and the outside water is brown. 3/21/01: Today is windy. Front pond is muddy because Keoni guys are working on the wall, and Ka‘ai guys are cutting down trees. The back pond has fish, and has a good circulation everywhere. The puas are coming in. 3/28/01: Keoni is working by the front pond, there is mud in the water. Low tide, there is fish in both ponds. Cloudy day. 4/4/01: Windy, Ke‘ala guys did work today, cleaning rubbish and burning bushes. There is mud in the back pond, because Ka‘iana guys pulled the cage of fish out today to measure them. The boys' fish are still a live. Affects on other projects: Other people could read my paper and continue my research or if someone wanted to grow fish at the ponds they could read my research paper and see if the water is healthy enough for them to raise their fish. Someone could use my format of water sampling to help them with any project that they may have dealing with water. Other people doing the same thing as I am could read my paper for ideas to help them with their projects. They could use everything but my data because our environments are different. Extension: I would like to use the information that I obtain while on this project with helping my father start to raise fish by our house. Instead of my father paying professionals to test the waters I would be able to test the waters for him I could also continue to test the ponds of Haleolono for further use of raising fish. Conclusion During the week of 1/24 carbon dioxide levels were high in both ponds, because there was no rain during this week. Oxygen levels increase more with fresh water. So if you have a drought your fresh water springs will be low. Oxygen levels are ranging from 6.2-9.8 in both ponds, which is good for the fish. Fish are just like humans they need oxygen to live. High oxygen levels mean that there is good circulation going through your pond. If there isn't a good circulation in your pond's water, the water would be stagnant and no oxygen would get though. Oxygen comes through the water by circulation, Photosynthesis, that is why aquatic biota is good in ponds, and fresh water. If your oxygen levels are low you can plant aquatic biota, cause circulation, or find a spring and open it up. Nitrite, Nitrate and Ammonia levels are low in both ponds which is good for the fish to grow, because if the Nitrite, Nitrate and Ammonia levels were high it would take over the oxygen levels then the fish would not be able to breath and high levels are toxic to the fish. If levels are high its good to clean out your pond and improve circulation. Temperature levels averaged from 68-73 in both ponds. The front pond is slightly higher in temperature then the back pond. The front pond is slightly higher because it's connected to the ocean and the back pond is fed by a fresh water spring. Salt water is warmer than fresh water. Salinity levels are ranging from 4-11 ppt (parts per thousand). These levels are good for fish to grow. Fish grow faster in saltier water than in fresh water. So it would be better to grow the fish in the front pond because it's saltier than the back pond. But the fish would grow in the back pond. Ph levels are neutral in both front and back ponds. Fish live in a neutral levels (7). If it's lower than 7 its acidic, which is bad for the fish, this could mean that your nitrite levels are high, this will affect the oxygen in your pond. In my research, I think that the front pond would be the best place out of the two sites to grow the fish. It's close to the ocean, which makes it saltier the oxygen levels are good and the water is constantly flowing. Nitrite, Nitrate and Ammonia levels are low, which allows the oxygen levels to be good. Ph levels are neutral and temperature is good for the fish. Bibliography • Tide and Currents, Carol Araki Wyban (1993 University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu). • Hawaiian Aquaculture system, William Kenji Kikuchi, (1976, Xerox University Microfilms Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.) • Interview: Mrs. Harata. |
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